The Goya Painting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Goya Painting - Essay Example The essay "The Goya Painting" explores the painting of Goya. Goya has brought more attention to the central figure whereas the other figures are crouched down and small. The last way that Goya brought attention to the central figure is through light and shadow. The use of light and shadow is very important in that Goya used bright light to bring the central figure to the viewers attention while the other figures and the building are in shadow pushing them into the background. Light and shadow is also used to get the feeling or message of the painting across to the viewer. In this case, the gunmen are darker and dangerous looking because they are in the shadows more. The feeling is that the gunmen have a dark intent and the man in the light is innocent and does not deserve to be in the current circumstance and the light cast on the slaughtered gentleman also creates a feeling that the killing was unnecessary. I feel sad and horrified when viewing Goya’s work because the paining gives me a feeling that any armed conflict between anyone is horrifying and unnecessary. It is clear from this painting that Goya is against war, armed conflict, and, in particular, violence. Goya obviously does not care for violence and the death associated with violence the violence of war. This is clear by the feelings this paining portrays and by the depiction of the gunmen as apposed to those on the opposite side of the guns. The people being shot at look distraught and innocent as show no reason why they should be.

The Severve After Effects of Dropping out of high school

The Severve After Effects of Dropping out of high school Education is a powerful tool. It prepares students to be invaluable contributors to society. Without a high school education, young people are less likely to succeed academically, socially, and professionally. Sadly, millions of young people leave school without completing their minimum education requirements and thus do not graduate with a high school diploma. As a result, many adolescents experience the devastating aftereffects of their regrettable decision. Students who drop out of high school are more likely to: earn less than those who graduate, be unemployed, be on public assistance, and end up in prison (ERIC). Dropping out of high school culminates a long-term process of disengagement from school and has profound social and economic consequences for students, their families, their communities, and the entire nation (ERIC). America is facing a crisis of epidemic proportions with such a high percentage of students who do not complete their high school education. Dropping out of high school is a major life event that severely impacts students chances for subsequent educational and occupational opportunities (NCES). Recent NCES reports indicate that nationally about one-third of all students who enter high school do not graduate on time, if ever. Approximately 7,000 students drop out of high school daily, which translates to one in three students. Annually, that amounts to more than six million students dropping out of high schools across the nation. The U.S. Department of Education has called it an epidemic. The children are the future of America and should be our greatest resource. All children deserve an education that prepares them to be productive members of society who perform their civic and economic duties. As such, we should ensure they have every opportunity to succeed. Every individual in the country, state, city or municipality will reap the benefits of an educated citizenry. Therefore, everyones best interest would be served by ensuring that all children stay in school and receive an adequate education. Efforts towards dropout prevention will remediate students leaving high school prior to graduation. Prevention measures will serve these individuals, their school, their community, and the nation at large. This policy memo will provide an overview on the current state of the high school dropout problem nationwide and in Florida, particularly, Miami-Dade County. I will discuss (1) the number of school dropouts, (2) the reasons related to youth dropping out of school, (3) the consequences of dropping out and not finishing high school, and (4) dropout prevention programs and techniques. For this overview, I researched the Florida Department of Education summary information on graduation and dropout rates as well as proven dropout prevention and intervention programs and techniques. BACKGROUND The vast majority of students who fail to complete high school with their respective graduating class is comprised primarily of Blacks, Hispanics and Native Americans. Many of these students abandon school within two years of their projected graduation date. This tragic cycle has not substantially improved during the past few decades during which education reform has been high on the public agenda. During this time, as politicians and other elected officials purport to work at mitigating the high percentage of dropouts, the general public has been almost entirely unaware of the severity of the dropout problem due to inaccurate and inconsistent data. The consequences remain tragic. Students who drop out face a lifetime of consequences for this grave decision. Dropouts are more likely than their graduating peers to be: unemployed, living in poverty, receiving public assistance, incarcerated, of poor health, and single parents of children who drop out from high school themselves perpetuating this vicious cycle. Our local communities, as with the state and the nation, also suffer from this epidemic due to the loss of productive workers, loss of taxable wage base, and higher costs associated with increased percentages of incarceration, greater use of emergency health care services, and overwhelming reliance on social services. Despite repeated declarations by educators, politicians, and elected officials about the importance of addressing the dropout situation, the problem becomes more calamitous with every passing year. No Child Left Behind When President George W. Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLBA) into law on January 8, 2002, he stated, Now is the time to ensure that every child learns. NCLB required states to use graduation rates to measure how well students were being educated. States were required to report to the federal government how well they met NCLB goals. Originally designed as an attempt by the federal government to hold the nations schools accountable for achieving high levels of educational proficiency for all students, NCLB has been adapted by the states in ways that fail to promote its objectives. Many states tended to manufacture basic data on graduation rates to comply with NCLB. Regrettably, NCLB placed excessive emphasis on solitary assessments that failed to assist educators improve their teaching. Needless to say, NCLB was unsuccessful in its attempt to educate students. The Dropout Crisis For most citizens, graduating from high school is the minimum standard of achievement needed for a successful future. A high school diploma can position a graduate to embark on a variety of pathways to personal, career, and social success that are generally not available to high school dropouts. The plight of the high school dropouts is extremely serious. By dropping out, these individuals considerably lessen their chances to secure a good profession. Without a diploma, dropouts face increasingly bleak career prospects tied largely to entry-level employment. They also may remain far behind in a technology-driven age where career adaptability is not simply a plus, but a requirement (NDPC/N). Graduation rates are a vital indication of how schools are performing. Recently, those rates have been meticulously examined, divulging the extent of the tragedy in Americas high schools. For decades, misleading or erroneous graduation rates were published by schools and school districts. Consequently, the American public knew little of the magnitude of the problems faced by several of the nations high schools. Many factors contribute to students dropping out of school, including poverty, low literacy and achievement levels, parenting responsibilities, and the need to immediately earn money through employment so that they can contribute financially to their impoverished families. Why Do Students Drop Out? While there is no single reason for why students drop out, research indicates that difficult transitions to high school, deficient basic skills, and a lack of engagement all serve as prominent barriers to graduation. Low attendance or failing grades are specific risk factors. Many students discover that their academic skills are insufficient for high school-level work and repeat ninth grade. Many students are not given the extra support they need to make a successful transition to high school and are lost in ninth grade. Lack of both academic and social engagement are integral components of dropping out Overall, far too many students are not graduating on time with a regular diploma; low-income students and minority students fare the worst in the dropout epidemic (Alliance for Excellent Education). More than half of the students who do not graduate on time are minorities. The graduation rate among minorities is as much as twenty-five percentage points below their white peers. Importance of not dropping out The high incidence of students dropping out poses a serious problem for the county, state, and country. Likewise, it creates deleterious consequences for the individual dropout. Consequences of dropping out identified by the General Accounting Office (GAO) include the following: As the pool of dropouts continues to grow, employment opportunities for them are more limited. The rate of engagement in high-risk behaviors such as premature sexual activity, early pregnancy, delinquency, crime, violence, alcohol and drug abuse, and suicide has been found to be significantly higher among dropouts. Dropouts are more likely than other citizens to draw on welfare and other social programs throughout their lives. Income differences between dropouts and other citizens can be expected to widen as the economy evolves. A growth of unskilled laborers in low-wage jobs will increase. As summarized by the GAO, the social costs of the dropout problem include an underskilled labor force, lower productivity, lost taxes, and increased public assistance and crime. Identifying Social Issues The Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER) suggests a focused approach must be undertaken with the purpose of successfully combating the problem of adolescents dropping out of high school. Particularly, this would entail identifying pronounced social indicators that are interrelated with the countys dropout problem. These characteristics help determine individuals who require the most intervention and accordingly implement programs committed to keeping them in school. According to CBER, three factors should be considered. Firstly, social groupings of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status pictures of at-risk youths emerge. Hispanics, Native Americans, and African-Americans had the highest dropout rates in the state and were more likely of dropping out. Secondly, problematic social environments and inappropriate behavior can be used in identifying at-risk youth. Juvenile delinquency and behavioral problems in school are indicators of potential dropouts. Lastly, academic per formance is a key component in identifying potential dropouts. Grade retention and its effect on self-esteem can be detrimental. DROPOUT PREVENTION PROGRAMS STRATEGIES Many of the proposed solutions recommended to combat the problem of high school dropouts focus on dealing with the social issues that teenagers encounter on a daily basis. The solutions heavily target at-risk youth, making sure they have the necessary tools and guidance to successfully complete their education. The following is a more sketchy examination of some of the most widely proposed programs. Information is comprised of data from Center for Business and Economic Research. Intervention at an Early Age The Oregon School Board Association advocates working with children at a young age to teach the importance of staying in school. Schools in Oregon have led the way in the development of effective programs for their students. One of the programs they have pioneered begins in the third grade. The Importance of School Environment Building strong and stable school environments is a necessary factor in the development of specific programs for children who need specialized attention. It is important to start with the essential elements of a sound school environment, beginning with the organization of the administration and ending with the overall school culture. Alternative Education Programs There are some students for whom traditional high schools simply do not work. For example, for teenagers who need to work to support themselves or their family, or for young girls facing pregnancy, going to school during the day may simply not be feasible. Thus, one idea that has been introduced is for school districts to offer alternative high schools. Dropout Prevention Programs As mandated by the Florida Department of Education (FDOE), dropout prevention programs in Florida were created to: Provide families, communities, and school districts with strategies and resources to continue increasing the number of students who graduate from Floridas schools. Provide school districts with alternative strategies, such as unique teaching techniques, learning activities, and assessment procedures. Provide positive options for building and strengthening curriculums in order to prevent students from dropping out of school. Dropout prevention is a complicated endeavor and must involve a wide range of services to tackle a wide range of problems. There are multiple pathways to dropping out of school, and therefore, any dropout prevention program should have a multi-faceted strategy to serve a wide range of students who are at-risk of dropping out. (ICF and NDPC/N). RECOMMENDATION The key to early intervention is at birth to five years. This is a critical point in the lives of children in which to foster a lifelong love of learning, respect for academia, and confidence in their academic abilities. In doing so, by definition requires the involvement of parents. For parents who rely heavily on social services, there should be a mandate that they volunteer a certain number of hours in the childs school and classroom and participate in parenting classes. Studies have shown that birth to five-year-old students who have parents involved in their education and learning process fare better in their early education, which leads to better overall success in school. With this age group, critical thinking, enhancement of motor skills, cognitive learning, and experiential learning are all crucial to establishing a broad foundation for lifelong academic excellence. Continued parental involvement coupled with adequately staffed and funded schools, and teachers who are engaged and engaging students, all contribute towards long-term success in school. My recommendation is a program that provides students at an early age, similar to Oregons initiative with the necessary tools to foster academic achievement as well as personal and social growth. The program would provide tutoring, homework support, mentoring activities, extended and individual classroom learning, parental involvement, and community support. The main goals of the program, increasing the graduation rate, reducing the number of high school dropouts, and targeting at-risk youth most likely to drop out; will be accomplished. Todays high school needs greater innovation, increased student engagement, and a rich and rigorous curriculum that is more educationally meaningful for students (ASCD). IMPLEMENTATION BENEFITS The California Dropout Research Project declares: Education affords benefits to both individuals and society. Individuals with more education earn higher incomes, are healthier, are less likely to be involved in criminal activities, and are less likely to be on welfare. Additionally, better-educated persons pay more in taxes and enable reductions in government spending on health, crime, and welfare. Therefore, the state and citizens should make certain that all children graduate and finish school with an adequate education. Moving even just one student from dropout status to graduate status will make positive contributions to the economy. Implementation of the proposed policy will be beneficial to Miami-Dade County and the entire State of Florida. It will allow youngsters to successfully learn, stay in school and prepare for life. It will enable educators and parents to be on alert and identify potential signs of behavior that would indicate the student is in danger of dropping out of school. The assistance of parents, teachers, community leaders, and elected officials; will enable students to improve their grades, attendance, and behavior overall. This strategy will instill the importance of education and the benefits of obtaining a high school diploma. A high school education includes the knowledge and skills required to improve an individuals quality of life, to become a more productive citizen, and to improve their income-earning potential. Reduction of the number of local students who fail to graduate on time would exponentially increase economic factors such as individual earnings, spending and investment, tax revenue, and human capital. CONCLUSION Education is an investment in human capital. It provides the foundation for successful academic study, for lifelong learning, and for carrying out the duties of citizenship. Our high school students face significant challenges. Many teenagers drop out of school every year. Reasons for students dropping out are numerous and oftentimes complex. The alarming dropout rates that sentence young people to joblessness and poverty must be turned around.  Retaining students is an enormous problem for many schools; however, students must be convinced to stay in school and learn skills that will allow them to compete and contribute to our economy. Without a high school diploma, young people are less likely to succeed in the workforce.  Solving the dropout epidemic should result in a significant number of actual dropouts, a skilled workforce, and an improved economy. The State of Florida, specifically Miami-Dade County, has a serious problem to confront within its public-education system. Florida has a bleak record pertaining to dropout prevention efforts. Therefore, it is imperative that citizens acquaint themselves with the issues associated with high school dropouts in order to effectively address the problem. Sometimes it is difficult to identify young people who need assistance. However, social factors can be used to identify at-risk youth. Once identified, proven and successful programs used around the country that aim at getting children through school, can be implemented. Certainly, it is up to the citizenry of the state to prevent their children from leaving high school. RELAION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION The incorporation of results-based accountability, as well as, merit pay and performance bonuses that school districts across the nation are gradually adopting, reflects NPM in public education. A reform initiative, such as the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB), is a prime example of New Public Management (NPM) concept being applied to education. NCLB illustrates an attempt by policymakers to employ techniques of NPM and to impose more tightly coupled policy restrictions on the educational system. These techniques are applied to the management and operation of schools. SOURCES ASCD (formerly the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development ). ASCD High School Reform Proposal from http://www.ascd.org/public-policy/High-School-Reform/High-School-Reform-Summary.aspx Alliance for Excellent Education. Factsheet. Available online at: http://www.all4ed.org/files/GraduationRates_FactSheet.pdf California Dropout Research Project. The Economic Losses from High School Dropouts in California. Available online at: http://www.cbcse.org/media/download_gallery/Belfield%20and%20LevinCDRP%20Policy%20Brief%201.pdf Center for Business and Economic Research (CBER). Nevada Kids Count: Addressing the High School Dropout Epidemic Policy Brief. Retrieved November 31, 2010, from http://kidscount.unlv.edu/2002/dropouts.pdf College Board Advocacy Policy Center, The College Completion Agenda: State Policy Guide. http://completionagenda.collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/reports_pdf/Policy_Rec_Three.pdf Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) Document Reproduction Service). School Characteristics Related to High School Dropout Rates found at www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/recordDetail?accno=EJ785964 Florida Department of Education. Available online at: http://www.fldoe.org. Institute of Education Sciences (IES). Available online at: ies.ed.gov ICF International and National Dropout Prevention Center/Network (NDPC/N). Best Practices in Dropout Prevention. Available at: http://ritter.tea.state.tx.us/comm/leg_reports/bpdp_finalreport_20081219_toTEA.pdf National Center for Education Statistics. US Department of Education. Effective Strategies. Available online at: www.nces.ed.gov National Dropout Prevention Center Network. Clemson University. Available online at: www.DropoutPrevention.org National Governors Association. Graduation Counts: A Report of the National Governors Association Task Force on State High School Graduation Data. 2005. Washington, D.C. No Child Left Behind (NCLB). U.S. Department of Education. 1 Apr. 2003. . U.S. Department of Education. (1995). Educational programs that work: Dropout prevention/alternative programs (archived information). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from http://www.ed.gov/pubs/EPTW/eptw3/index.html U.S. Department of Education. (1996). Manual to combat truancy (archived information). Retrieved November 30, 2010, from http://www.ed.gov/pubs/Truancy/index.html U.S. General Accounting Office. (2002). School dropouts: Education could play a stronger role in identifying and disseminating promising prevention strategies (Report GAO-02-240). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved November 31, 2010, from http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d02240.pdf

The ?Way? As Seen In Taoism And Confucianism Essay -- essays research

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taoism and Confucianism are both very complex and important religions of their time. Both mainly Asian religions, these creeds were more prominent in the times they were developed then they are today. Each of these religions had a certain belief that there was a â€Å"Way† that things should happen and should work so that goodness and peace will regulate in the world. Confucius was the founder of Confucianism. His works were taught in the Confucian Analects. His sense of mission to be â€Å"a human among other humans.† He was said to have fortune cookie knowledge and was admired by many people, including his many followers. Lao Tzu is the founder of Taoism. His teachings are found from the Te-tao-ching. Lao Tzu beliefs were nature based around nature. Each of these teachers taught a great deal to their followers about their beliefs and we see that through the works they left behind. Confucius was willing to teach and learn with anyone who came to him; once he even accepted an uncapped youth though he stated that he was not responsible for what the youth did when he left. He once struck a man who was waiting for him in a sprawling position in the shins with his staff, declaring that youths that show no respect for their elders achieve nothing, and those who merely get older are useless pests. He observed that one youth seemed to be more interested in growing up quickly than in improving himself....

I Hate About You is a relocation of the Taming

The Taming of the Shrew relocated to high school? Gill Gunner's 10 Things I Hate About You is undoubtedly more complicated than a relocation of Shakespearean The Taming of the Shrew into high school. The transformation of Shakespearean comedy Into the teen' movie genre and the integration of Elizabethan values enable the film to be a successful relocation of the play, yet the Incorporation of modern gender conventions discerns it as something more than a relocation. The culmination of these facets produce a cinematic masterpiece that draws parallelism to Shrew In a feminist perspective.The transformation of Shrews comedic genre into the teen' genre in 10 Things facilitates its relocation into high school. In Shrew, comedy revolves around the physical violence upon Kate, deception, and a play on words. The sight of a ‘shrew' physically subdued by a man would have been humorous to an Elizabethan audience. Humor is also evident in Epithetic and Skate's verbal battle, where elabora te puns are constructed. Women are made to bear and so are you' (11. 1. 200). Here, Epithetic twists the word ‘bear' into meaning ‘giving childbirth', thus twisting Skate's Insults Into Innuendo. Influenced by the teen' genre and the rise of fearfulness. N 10 Things, comedy exists verbally and in stereotypical teenage experiences. Ms Perks attempt to describe an erotic scene in her novel is evidence of verbal humor, similar to Pediatrics use of puns. The concept of growing up is embodied in Cat's antisocial behavior. Described as a heinous blotch', her unfriendly manner Illustrates her inability to accept her adolescence, such as dating. This is emphasized in the party scene, where the childhood swings she is sitting on Juxtapose against the adolescent party house In the background. The modern adaptation also explores teenage dating. Dating forms the basis of comedy.Blanch feels the urge to date for the purpose of fitting in to teenage culture. In the words, ‘I'm t he only girl that doesn't date,' Bianca suggests that her motivation for dating is due to peer pressure. The influence of peer pressure is also apparent in other movies based on a teen genre, such as Grease (1978) and The Breakfast Club (1985). By appealing directly to teenage audiences through common experiences, Shakespearean comedy is relocated into high school. The integration of money and status as Elizabethan values into 10 Things contributes to It being a successful relocation of Shrew.In Shakespearean comedy, marriage Is an opportunity for the men to acquire wealth and Increase their social status. Pedicurist's motives for journeying to Pad are solely to marry the daughter of an affluent father to increase his own wealth and status, or as he expresses it, to Wives and thrive' (1. 11. 42). The simplicity of Petroleum's Intentions accentuates the ease to which It can be accomplished, and therefore suggests that marriage Is a game signed and played by the men. These values are incorporated into the teen' adaptation by alternating the setting into high school.By incorporating the teen' Shakespearean work, dating is a tool used to gain money and popularity. Cameron and Michaels plot to use Joey, a wealthy ‘Coco, to bribe Patrick to date Kate is evidence of this. While this increases Patriot's money and allows Cameron and Joey to date Bianca, it also enables Michael to be ‘cool by association' to popular people, thus increasing his status among the school hierarchy. In such, the men benefit while the omen become puppets in a male plot. The similarities between money and status in Shrew and 10 Things depict a parallel course to which both texts extend.The distinction in gender conventions between 10 Things and Shrew is crucial in demonstrating that the modern version is more complicated than a high school relocation of the play. In Elizabethan England, women were the property of their men and were expected to loyally serve them. This convention is adequately expressed in Shakespearean drama, culminating in Skate's ‘submission' speech. In such, the use of juxtaposition comparing women to men in the words, ‘l see our lances are but straws/ Our strength as weak, our weakness past compare,' (V. I. 173-174) illustrates female submission to male superiority in a patriarchal society. In consideration of Skate's violent behavior, her acknowledgement of female servitude undermines her ‘shrewish' nature, and therefore demonstrates that she is tamed'. Elizabethan gender conventions are transformed to a more feminist and less sexist perspective in the movie, dictated by modern attitudes towards women. Women in 10 Things josses more control of themselves and exert greater influence, such as Banana's manipulation to induce her sister to date.Similar to Kate, Kate is a young independent woman who strongly supports feminism. In the words, Why should I live up to other people's expectations except for my own,' Kate demonstr ates she is uninfluenced from social oppression. In contrast to Pedicurist's use of physical violence of taming Kate, Patrick uses kindness to tame the wild beast' and socially conform her. The change in gender conventions while maintaining a similar characterization of Kate compels the elm to be a relocation of the play but in a more feminist outlook. 0 Things I Hate About You is a high school relocation of The Taming of the Shrew in a feminist viewpoint. The incorporation of the teen' movie genre and the values of money and status in the movie ensure the plays relocation into high school, while the change in gender conventions provides a more feminist perspective of the movie. The modern adaptation moves away from its misogynist basis and entertains a teenage audience by transforming aspects of Shakespearean drama into common adolescent experiences.

Aristotle or a post-modern anti-hero?

In On the Road Jack Kerouac produces what has become known as the archetypal Beat hero, Dean Moriaty. An analysis of whether he is closer to a traditional Aristotelian hero or to the postmodern anti-hero will reveal much about the often contradictory forces at work within the â€Å"rhythms of fifties underground America, jazz, sex, generosity, chill dawns and drugs . . . â€Å" (Holmes, 1957). Before discussing which Moriaty is closer to it will be necessary to briefly define both the traditional and the postmodern hero, identifying what they hold in common and what divides them.The traditional Aristotelian hero is a high-born man, normally royal or at least from the aristocracy who appears to be on top of the world at the beginning of his story. He has many advantages, both natural and acquired. He is often successful, popular with others and apparently happy. The tragic hero normally has something that has been called â€Å"the fatal flaw† (Kaufmann, 1992). This flaw may b e something he has no blame for, such as the heel that makes Achilles physically vulnerable, the jealousy that makes Othello emotionally vulnerable or the introspection that makes Hamlet delay so long. This fatal flaw often leads, in one way or another, to the downfall of the tragic hero.So the traditional tragic hero falls from a high social position to disgrace and/or death through circumstance and through his supposed fatal flaw. Aristotle said that his fate should inspire â€Å"pity and fear† within the audience (Aristotle, 2001).   Pity for the fate of the individual tragic hero and fear that they might fall into a similar situation themselves.   By contrast, the anti-hero is, according to the American Heritage Dictionary, â€Å"a main character in a dramatic or narrative work who is characterized by a lack of traditional heroic qualities, such as idealism of courage† (America, 1992).Some clue to which definition of protagonist – hero or anti-hero †“ Dean Moriaty falls can be found within the fact that the very term â€Å"anti-hero† is in fact a Twentieth Century invention (Lawall, 1966).   The idea of the anti-hero is in many ways linked to early twentieth century philosophies such as Existentialism, which suggested that life has little meaning and that no absolute standards of morality are relevant. The anti-hero creates his own sense of values, often from moment to moment, according to the needs of the moment. The postmodern anti-hero takes on similar propensities, although he is even more extreme. The â€Å"Man-With-No-Name† character that Clint Eastwood played in the 1960’s spaghetti westerns is perhaps the classic postmodern anti-hero.The world of these westerns does not have â€Å"good† and â€Å"evil† as could be identified by the white/black horses, the white/black cowboy hats and the handsome/ugly actors of the traditional Western. There are merely shades of darkness in the spag hetti western, and the same can be said for most of the characters in On the Road, set as it is within a world of constant wandering throughout America that is in some ways very similar to a western.One of the most important facets of On the Road is the fact that there are two main characters. First, there is Sal Paradise, the titular narrator of the novel that has been more or less associated with Kerouac himself; and second, there is Dean Moriaty. The reader is rapidly and constantly drawn into views of Dean Moriaty. Sal describes him as â€Å"simply a youth tremendously excited with life† who possesses â€Å"a kind of holy lightning . .. flashing from his excitement and his visions† (Kerouac, 1957).   Later Dean is described as â€Å"the holy con-man with the shining mind† (Kerouac, 1957).So in the manner of both the hero and the anti-hero, Dean is a charismatic character who draws others to him through the sheer energy that he exudes and his apparent zest for everything life has to offer. But Dean is very low born. He is apparently the son of an alcoholic who was never really raised properly and who has had criminal propensities from a very young age. Dean has been in prison for stealing cars. While traditional tragic heroes may commit the most serious of crimes (often murder) they are not normally criminal in a conventional sense. There is something petty and hopeless about the kind of criminality that Dean Moriaty displays.But in the best tradition of the postmodern anti-hero, Dean has learned a lot about how to live from his incarceration. He states, with characteristic bluntness:Only a guy who’s spent five years in jail can go to such maniacal  helpless extremes . . . prison is where you promise yourself the  right to live.  (Kerouac, 1957)So the anti-hero discovers himself through falling from grace, even if he probably did not have far to fall in the first place. Rather than going to his death or languishing in the shame of his crimes he lives out the years of his imprisonment and then comes out to go â€Å"on the road†. In one sense the novel shows what might happen when the tragic hero has fallen, been transformed and emerged as a postmodern anti-hero.Dean does fall further however, especially as the novel continues and the novelty of being free to do as he wishes starts to wear thin. Thus his abandonment of his wife and child are brought to his attention, indeed he is confronted with it. Sal, ever the intelligent observer, states that â€Å"where once Dean would have talked his way out, now he fell silent . . . he was BEAT† (Kerouac, 1957).The protagonist of the novel goes through it performing decidedly un-heroic deeds such as this abandonment. He also expresses a constant and rather disturbing attraction for very young girls, often only 12 or 13, especially those who are prostitutes and thus totally vulnerable to his desires. Near the end of the novel he actually abandons S al as he lies sick in Mexico City. Ultimately Sal comes to see Dean in a very brutal light, oine that hardly meets any kind of definition other than a decidedly anti-hero:. . . when I got better I realized what a rat he was, but then I hadbto understand the impossible complexity of his life, how he had toleave me there, sick, to get on with his wives and woes.b(Kerouac, 1957) (emphasis added)Dean is thus essentially a coward, and a lack of courage is never part of the character of a tragic hero, whatever other faults he may possess. But Sal, in characteristically postmodern fashion, does not blame Dean for his cowardice and being a â€Å"rat†. The postmodern condition is one in which there are no absolute standards of ethics and thus everything is more or less forgiven.It is the â€Å"complexity† of his life that Sal feels makes Dean constantly abandon people. He is just another character who moves through an aimless world with little to concern him except an increasin gly futile search for a purely hedonistic lifestyle.The constant traveling in the book makes Dean an anti-hero rather than a hero. While many tragic heroes travel (Aeschylus, Odysseus) they nearly always have some kind of destination – whether it be ethical or geographical, in mind. The characters of On the Road travel constantly, but with, to quote a popular song of the period â€Å"no particular place to go†. They travel for the sake of traveling.   This aimless travel is a symbol for the lack of a higher ethical or religious structure within which to live. The characters of On the Road are sure of nothing, except that, as Sal says at the end of the book â€Å"nobody knows what’s going to happen to anybody besides the forlorn rags of growing old† (Kerouac, 1957).Dean moves from the West to the East to the West to the South . . .   and on with a sense of rather melancholy endlessness. At the end of the novel Dean returns to the West Coast on his own, and Sal ruminates upon the sad meaninglessness of life. While much has happened in the novel in some senses, in the classic, Aristotelian sense very little has occurred that will permanently change people. On the Road has no simple dramatic structure. There is no climax and denouement. Rather it is a formless kind of a quest story in which the search is an end in itself.This endless quest give On the Road   a post-modern structure. The characters are on an existential search for themselves that seems doomed to failure. Dean Moriaty is the archetypal post-modern anti-hero within this quest. He draws people to him, and they travel thousands of miles in order to be a part of his wandering life. But when he loses interest in them he drops them with what appears to be a callous disregard for the consequences. But there is something â€Å"heroic† in his actions as he is at least being honest. He is being true to himself. If that â€Å"self† much of the time is cowardly, c asually cruel, vaguely criminal and pedophilic in nature then he will still reveal it.To conclude, it seems clear that Dean Moriaty, the protagonist of On the Road is far nearer to a post-modern anti-hero than   to a traditional, classical hero. The world that he inhabits is one in which there is little meaning. It is an often dark, forbidding place in which the Cold War threatens nuclear missiles and in which a kind of despairing hedonism is the only course of action which seems relevant to most of the characters. They move around the country at an often dizzying rate, driving all night long for no apparent reason other than the fact they are moving. Romantic relationships are often little more than brief romantic liaisons and marriages are abandoned with the same disregard for consequences that the children that have come from them are thrown away. Dean Moriaty is a post-modern anti-hero, one that a myriad of similar figures have been more or less based upon in the fifty years s ince On the Road   was first publish.Works CitedAmerican Heritage Dictionary, Dell, New York: 1992.Aristotle, The Basic Works of Aristotle, Modern Library, New York: 2001.Holmes, Richard. â€Å"On the Road Review†. The Times, London: 1957.Kaufmann, Walter. Tragedy and Philosophy. Princeton UP, New York: 1992.Kerouac, Jack. On the Road. Penguin, New York: 1957.Lawall, Greg. â€Å"Apollonius Argonautica. Jason as Anti-Hero†. Yale Classical Studies. 19, 119-169.

English Essays (212 words) - Animal Rights, Free Essays, Term Papers

English Essays (212 words) - Animal Rights, Free Essays, Term Papers 1.Over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US labs every year. 2.92% of experimental drugs that are safe and effective in animals fail in human clinical trials because they are too dangerous or dont work. 3.Labs that use mice, rats, birds, reptiles and amphibians are exempted from the minimal protections under the Animal Welfare Act (AWA). 4.Up to 90% of animals used in U.S. labs are not counted in the official statistics of animals tested. Take a stand by kidnapping your friends products that were tested on animals (seriously!). Sign up for Kidnapped Cosmetics. 5.Europe, the worlds largest cosmetic market, Israel and India have already banned animal testing for cosmetics, and the sale or import of newly animal-tested beauty products. Why introduce alternatives to animal testing? Humans and animals don't always react in the same way to a drug. One drug, TGN1412, was tested on animals and in humans. All the human patients suffered life-threatening side-effects which didn't appear in animals. Not all drugs are used for the original purpose they were designed for. Animal testing can't show all the potential uses of a drug. Ethical considerations - is it morally right to test all medicines on animals first?

Mohandas K. Ghandi essays

Mohandas K. Ghandi essays As Mohandas K. Gandhi once said, Satisfaction lies in the effort, not in the attainment. Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), called Mahatma (Great Soul), was a small man who had a big heart. He was Indias leader in its successful struggle to liberate itself from British colonialism. His love for humanity and his will to uplift all people against the oppression of apartheid showed in his many public and personal demonstrations. He was a man who was easily likeable and highly respected, unless of course, it was your cause that he was fighting against. He spoke of truth, peace and unity among many other things. What made Gandhis movement extraordinary is that it functioned without political influence, economic resources, or military power of any kind. Gandhis guiding principle was Satyagraha, which means non-cooperation and nonviolent passive resistance. He was highly influential to many people in India and worldwide for a variety of reasons. One notable person in American history w ho adopted the Mahatmas teachings was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Dr. King used Gandhis teachings to fight against racism in America during the civil-rights era. Gandhi greatly influenced me because he stood firmly behind his beliefs, which in turn taught me to fight for what I believe is right. Gandhi had many beliefs that many of us can relate to. As a lawyer in South Africa, he learned that he was trusted with his work more when he looked for the hearts of both prosecutor and defendant, active in honesty. He longed to serve people in a meaningful way. Gandhi was impacted by the way he saw his fellow Indians were being treated, living as repressed slaves. He soon found that the more he simplified his life, the more time he would have to devote to community service. Gandhi continued to simplify his life, giving up all forms of compensation including gifts and stopped dressing as an Englishman....

Finding Scholarly Journal Articles for Research

Finding Scholarly Journal Articles for Research Your professor may tell you that you’re required to use journal articles for your research paper. You read articles all the time in magazines- but you know that’s not the sort of article your professor is looking for. Scholarly articles are reports written by professional people who specialize in specific fields, like Caribbean history, British literature, underwater archaeology, and educational psychology. These reports are often published in hardbound periodical journals, which look much like encyclopedias. You’ll find a section of your library dedicated to journal collections. How to Find a Journal Article There is a difference between finding articles that exist and actually putting your hands on an article that you discover through a search. First, you find articles that exist. Then you figure out how to get access to them. You can find articles that exist by using a search engine. Through a search, you will find names and descriptions of articles out there in the world of academia. There will be special search engines loaded onto your library’s computers that generate article lists, based on your search criteria. If you are at home, you can use Google Scholar to search. To use Google Scholar, enter your topic and the word â€Å"journal† in the search box. (You enter the word journal to avoid getting books.) Example: Enter â€Å"squid beaks† and â€Å"journal† in the Google Scholar box and you will generate a list of journal articles that have something to do with squid beaks from: International Journal of ZoologyJournal of Field Ornithology Antarctic ScienceCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic ScienceMarine Mammal Science Once you have identified articles with a search, you may or may not be able to access the actual text online. If you are in a library, you will have better luck at this: you’ll be able to access articles that you can’t access at home because libraries have special access that individuals don’t. To make your life easier, ask a reference librarian for help getting to a full-text journal article online. Once you access the article online, print it out and take it home with you. Make sure you note enough information to cite the article. Finding Articles on the Shelves If the article is not available online, you may find that is published in a bound journal that is located on the shelves of your library (your library will have a list of journals it holds). When this happens, you simply find the right volume on the shelf and go to the correct page. Most researchers like to photocopy the entire article, but you might be happy just taking notes. Be sure to record page numbers and other information you’ll need for citations. Accessing Articles via Interlibrary Loans Your library may hold a number of bound journals, but no library contains every journal published. Libraries buy subscriptions to articles that they think their visitors will be most interested in finding. The good news is that you can request a printed copy of any article through a process called the interlibrary loan. If you discover an article that exists only in printed form, but it’s not in your own library, you’re still OK. A library official will help you by contacting another library and ordering a copy. This process takes a week or so, but it is a lifesaver!

Entrepreneurial business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurial business - Essay Example The share of powered brushes is almost half of the value of the market. The social factor that influences the toothbrush market is that consumers are getting more sensitive towards dental healthcare in order to reduce dental treatment. According to date UK consumers’ concerns regarding toothbrushes are: they value the features of the toothbrushes, the comfort they provide, if they are recommended by professional and they also have concerns more about health of gums rather than cavity protection. The findings suggest that consumers are willing to pay premium prices for toothbrushes addressing these concerns: (The Infoshop.com, Toothbrushes –UK-April 2004, There is no specific environmental factors mentioned in reports, however the fact that more people are environmentally concerned should not be ignored. Any efforts in producing a new toothbrush should take this factor into consideration and adapt its manufacturing ability accordingly The powered toothbrushes continuously evolve the ones with round oscillating bristle heads have helped to improve oral hygiene. According to clinical studies, powered toothbrushes are more efficient to remove plaque than manual therefore they are widely accepted among dentists. In the late 1990’s the market of powered toothbrushes was shaped into two distinct categories: the high end toothbrushes ($20-$110) that provided complex motions to the bristles and the low end which provided very little cleaning benefit. â€Å"The brush head, with its combination of fixed and moving bristles, was designed to have a more traditional sized brush head permitting patients to brush their teeth in an optimal manner recommended by a dentist, while the motorized circular portion of the brush promotes more effective cleaning.   In addition, this brush has an angled shaft to permit easier access to the back teeth in the oral cavity† The type of consumers that use powered toothbrushes are the

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 131

Summary - Essay Example he normative call in most of the alternative views on representation is that those in office should reflect and respond to the views of those who have elected them. Obviously, answering the question of whether public opinion has a connection to the voting patterns of legislators is important in political science. Myriad studies have looked into the two areas in examining the connection between the two important variables and the article records several authors behind the inquiries. As the article reports, most of them clinch that legislators are indeed reactive to the opinions of the public as they depict a positive correlation between the variables (Butler and Nickerson, 56–57). After a conclusive examination of related literature, the researchers finally choose a methodology fit to investigate the query at hand. The study involves 10,690 New Mexicans who are asked to give their views regarding the Governor’s outlay plans for a unique summer session in 2008’s summer. The survey results, which reflect District-specific opinions, are shared with legislators, who are selected randomly. Findings from the research show that legislators tended to vote in line with the opinions of the members of their constituency (Butler and Nickerson, 72). This then proves that legislators work towards being responsive to the opinions of the public than to their natural states. The results have myriad implications for comprehension as well as improving the manner in which represent the preferences of their constituents. Butler, Daniel M., and David Nickerson. â€Å"Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment.† Quarterly Journal of Political Science 6.1 (2011): 55–83. Web. 5 Oct.

Macro and Micro economics research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro and Micro economics research - Essay Example Competitors sell products and services of the same description. A public is any group that has a potential interest on the ability of a company to achieve its goals and objectives. Macro environment Macro environment factors are also external to the firm and cannot be controlled. These factors hardly have any effect the marketing capability but affect the decisions of marketing within the company. Macro environmental factors may include the following: Cultural and Social Forces: This idea is considered in marketing literature as a substitute to the concept of marketing. The social forces try to make marketing as a practice that is socially responsible. This implies that companies ought to eradicate products that are socially harmful and only produce what may be valuable to society. Legal and political forces: Development in the legal and political field highly affects the decisions of marketing. Marketing decision may not be taken without considering the political parties in power, g overnmental agencies and laws regarding land. These variables often develop remarkable pressures on management of marketing. Laws often affect promotion and pricing, product design, capability and product capacity. In almost all the countries, the government always intervenes in the process of marketing despite their political beliefs. Demographic forces: In this situation, the marketer examines the population since the people create markets. Economic factors: The economic environment is made up of macro level factors that relate to a distribution and production means that affects the business of a company. Physical forces: These include the renewable and non-renewable resources of the earth. Renewable forces include food products and... Cultural and Social Forces: This idea is considered in marketing literature as a substitute to the concept of marketing. The social forces try to make marketing as a practice that is socially responsible. This implies that companies ought to eradicate products that are socially harmful and only produce what may be valuable to society. Legal and political forces: Development in the legal and political field highly affects the decisions of marketing. Marketing decision may not be taken without considering the political parties in power, governmental agencies and laws regarding land. These variables often develop remarkable pressures on management of marketing. Laws often affect promotion and pricing, product design, capability and product capacity. In almost all the countries, the government always intervenes in the process of marketing despite their political beliefs. Demographic forces: In this situation, the marketer examines the population since the people create markets. Economic factors: The economic environment is made up of macro level factors that relate to a distribution and production means that affects the business of a company. Physical forces: These include the renewable and non-renewable resources of the earth. Renewable forces include food products and the forest. Non-renewable resources include minerals, coal and oil. These components often change the level of resources that are necessary for a marketer.

Choose a good topic for me Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Choose a good topic for me - Essay Example Yusuf describes it as westernization. The globalization has been elaborated well by the media, which disseminates information to the entire world, making the world appear as just a small global village (2:41a). Globalization has therefore enabled people to gain education from abroad especially from the west. The beneficiaries of this high-quality education and intellect can then travel back to their countries and develop them, thus benefitting the society at large (33:10a). Yusuf argues that the best intellect originated from the West, a reason majority of scholars will fly there to gain it, he gives the example of the reporter Dr. Khaja who is from India but now working in the West (4:31b). Although there has never been an ideal government that existed, Yusuf points out that Islamic governance has existed for long enough and can, therefore, be regarded as a good form of government. The globalization discussed can, therefore, bring brotherhood in the sense that those who gain the intellect from other countries can use the intellect to assist their country people, which is a virtue of good action. The democracy which has come with the globalization can then be used to solve problems which could otherwise bring harm to the

Stare Decisis and the Principle of Precedent Coursework

Stare Decisis and the Principle of Precedent - Coursework Example Gur-Arie highlights that though judicial independence was originally intended in order to have courts and judges who settle disputes impartially regardless of potential, proffers, and real favors. In addition, the judges are expected to uphold democratic accountability. However, the United States provisions promote the judiciary’s democratic control on one hand while promoting judicial independence on the other. This is evident in the present procedures for judicial budgeting that leaves the courts and judges under the oversight and slight control from the executive and the legislature. One best instance is that of executive branch influencing judicial funding levels through its propositions to Congress on fiscal policy. Furthermore, the Congress determines the extent of funding for the judicial branch. Conversely, the Legislators utilize their power on funding to reveal the approval or disapproval of how the judges manage the courts, and though rare, the legislators use their positions to reveal their approval or disapproval of decisions by the judiciary. In addition, Congress utilizes other control means to regulate the effects of judicial decision making and the threats of other decisions in the future. In this case, the fact that it is the president who appoints federal judges with the consent and advice of the Senate leaves the judiciary under the influence of political forces as the legislature and the executive seek to achieve their ambitions.

Roman Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Roman Britain - Essay Example Others historians evidence the long-term effect of the Roman presence in Britain for three and a half centuries. Client kingdoms were established to speed up the process of Romanisation, whilst units of the army (legions and auxiliaries) were put in place at intervals to defend the frontiers from outside attack and to look inwards as ‘police forces’ and to act in the role of a ‘pioneer corps’ 2. Caesar’s incursions and Claudius’ invasion saw many successful changes in the relationship between Rome and the British tribes, which were largely based upon the inescapable fact that neither side could afford to ignore the other. Rome wanted at least a balance of pro- and anti-Roman forces in southern Britain, if for no other reason than to sustain conditions which would allow unimpeded progress towards Romanisation. Client kings were appointed or dismissed at the whim of the current emperor. The institution provides a good illustration of Rome’s traditional readiness to adapt to circumstances. Usually the king’s task was to form a buffer between Roman territory and potential enemies; within the borders of the imperial, however, he might be appointed to rule areas whose terrain made them difficult to police, as in Cilicia in Asia Minor, where a mountainous area known as Rough Cilicia seems to have been administered by client-kings through most of the Julio-Claudian period 3. Rome’s interest in these outer barbarian lands was confined at this time to the safety of their new province. The practice, continued from an earlier period, had been to seek protection of frontiers through friendly states. A special arrangement under the Roman method of patronage visualised the creation or recognition of kingdoms, the rulers of which had a client relationship with the Senate and people of Rome and, after Augustus, with the Emperors. It was the primary duty of the client rulers to prevent people beyond the frontier from

Stare Decisis and the Principle of Precedent Coursework

Stare Decisis and the Principle of Precedent - Coursework Example Gur-Arie highlights that though judicial independence was originally intended in order to have courts and judges who settle disputes impartially regardless of potential, proffers, and real favors. In addition, the judges are expected to uphold democratic accountability. However, the United States provisions promote the judiciary’s democratic control on one hand while promoting judicial independence on the other. This is evident in the present procedures for judicial budgeting that leaves the courts and judges under the oversight and slight control from the executive and the legislature. One best instance is that of executive branch influencing judicial funding levels through its propositions to Congress on fiscal policy. Furthermore, the Congress determines the extent of funding for the judicial branch. Conversely, the Legislators utilize their power on funding to reveal the approval or disapproval of how the judges manage the courts, and though rare, the legislators use their positions to reveal their approval or disapproval of decisions by the judiciary. In addition, Congress utilizes other control means to regulate the effects of judicial decision making and the threats of other decisions in the future. In this case, the fact that it is the president who appoints federal judges with the consent and advice of the Senate leaves the judiciary under the influence of political forces as the legislature and the executive seek to achieve their ambitions.

Rise of Consumer Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Rise of Consumer Culture - Essay Example This linking culture Snow suggested in the second edition of his book in 1963, calling it a "third culture" where literary intellectuals lived in harmony with scientists, communicating ideas among each other and with the public. Brockman borrowed Snow's terminology of the third culture in his book (1995) of the same title as he daringly predicted that scientists and engineers at the cusp of what would soon become the dot.com boom will dominate this third culture. The boom came, but soon after followed the bust, and Brockman's third culture never materialised as he had hoped. What Snow and Brockman never realised was that a third culture had been moving quietly alongside these two cultures over the last half of the 20th century, one that combined the power of postmodernist intellectual thought and the energy of scientific innovation, helped along by the emergence of a capitalist society of excess wealth and prosperity. This third culture is the consumer culture, characterised by what we can describe as a body-centric attitude of consumption, where almost every conceivable commercial product is available to satisfy every craving or desire, fulfil any dream, and where reality can be reduced to one's identification with ideals created and circulated by the mass media. Essentially a perfect combination of Snow's two cultures - the romantic and the scientific - the consumer culture now defines who and what we are. The Marketable Self This is the scenario where Featherstone and other sociologists situate the body, the consuming subject, which is nothing more than the agent responsible for capturing and defining reality. Straddling the romantic-idealistic literary and the sensual-measurable scientific worlds, the consumer culture entices the human body to know and love it, to be a part of it, and to recognise that that is where its happiness and fulfilment lie. As the consuming subject (the body) attempts to capture - buying, eating, dressing up, or simply experiencing - reality in this consumer culture, it is the body that ends up becoming captive. It is in this context that we can analyse Featherstone's words (1991) that "the consumer culture constructs the marketable self." A main feature of this culture is a powerful popular media that helps in defining who and what we are. In his book (1999) Selling Dreams: How to Make Any Product Irresistible, Ferrari CEO Gian Luigi Longinotti-Buitoni (p. 193) describes the people of the consumer culture as bodies where product creators create a masterpiece the way a Picasso creates a painting on canvas, and where the media play the role of the artist's brush and oil. The body as a canvas Yes. In the consumer culture, "every instrument of the popular media - advertisements, television, and film to the press - provides a proliferation of stylised images of the body and emphasises the cosmetic benefits of body maintenance" (Featherstone, 1991). This strategy makes good business sense. After all, the physical perfection of the body or its idea of eternal youth has been one of our most cherished dreams. Beauty being a subjective judgment of a state of perfection, and the natural forces of aging, weight gain, and biological deterioration seemingly designed to halt our achieving that state, the possibilities for its definition are endless. The

Issues Faced By Marks And Spencer Commerce Essay

Issues Faced By Marks And Spencer Commerce Essay Supply chain management  (SCM) is the process of managing an interconnected business network in the provision of service packages and products needed by the end customers within the supply chain.  The process of supply chain management spans all storage and movement of the finished goods, work in process inventory, raw material storage and finished goods from the point of origin to the place of consumption. (Buxton, 2009) It mainly involves monitoring, control, execution and design of supply chain objectives with the aim of building net value, competitive infrastructure, synchronizing and leveraging worldwide logistics with respect to the demand and supply thereby measuring performance globally. (Especially in the cases like MS). So there is every chance for of issues to take place in global supply networks. (Briggs, 2002) The suppliers bargaining power is very low in clothing industry especially when it is in retail clothing purchases and buying. The supplier of MS are changed quite often, the best example is that the company have alliance with British suppliers in order to attain high quality but later it decided to outsource it globally, this decision has been taken putting lower costs in consideration but the supplier relationships has raised questions. Now MS is no longer reliant on specific suppliers, so the bargaining power of them has drastically lowered. MS is also purchasing good in bulk which is leading the bargaining power to fall year by year. (Murray, 2013) The biggest single problem at the moment with MS is the logistics, Christmas in 2012 saw unexpectedly bad fall of 3.8% in the sales and Simon Irwin to BBC has claimed it to be the supply chain which is the cause. They are making measures to modernize it but not until 2016 and this is causing many problems with to the suppliers. Pitcher (2009) MS is undertaking a multimillion-pound plan which includes big logistical moves having automated warehouses but this transformation period is causing logistical issues in communicating the demand and forecast of the goods globally. (Foster, 2013) With the steady decrease in the pound value and European debt crisis the suppliers of UK retail giants are facing problems with profits, the currency conversion is one of the issues faced by the suppliers as MS has outsourced its supplier opportunities to other countries leaving the British companies. Moreover MS is proposing amendments to the relationship with its supplier asking them to contribute (600millions) to the revamp and innovative plans but they are missing a fact even they have to identify their core market before doing this. The supplier contributions might be very common in the non-food and food retail industry but the input levels of the suppliers will be escalated suddenly. They are expecting 1.25% retrospective levy in an year turnover. It might be a part of journey among the vendor and suppliers but having a department store format comprising of multiple brands this is raising questions to their brand name. (Mortimer, 2011). Supplier partnership with MS is not very transparent these days as there are different organizations including distinct departments are involved in their supply chain. The expectations and results of MS is creating pressure and more competition among the suppliers thereby decreasing the bargaining power. (Murray, 2013) SCOR model suggest to use a common language for the language of supply chain but MS is solely concentrating on cutting the cost when selecting the suppliers and this is effecting many past suppliers and the brand image of the company. Shifting its base to other countries rather than in UK has decreased the supply visibility of MS so the order batch size is drastically reduced where the suppliers are not able gain bigger margins on the supply to MS. Whitehead (2001) Risk management is an end to end aspect in a supply chain and all the key partners should be involved according to their demand planning and manufacturing capacity but MS during the recession had a tough time to manage financial risks of the suppliers who are in alliance. Many companies like MS are looking to shift more risk on the suppliers, they are ordering only what they need or to fill the shelves of the stores which is now becoming a new set of challenges for the suppliers. Pitcher (2009) They are trying to put the supply chain as thin as possible by taking active role in planning the demand but by limiting the product complexity which comes from the late-stage customizations and inventory-related risks the responsibility is being transformed to the suppliers who are at the end of the chain rather than distributing equally throughout the supply chain. Whitehead (2001) 2. Critically evaluate how large organizations like Marks and Spencer can work with their suppliers to increase the level of understanding and align their supply chain processes? [25 Marks] Developing supplier relationships and level of understanding: In the supply chain, the ability of Marks Spencer in actively responding to the varying needs and demands of customers is determined by the relation the company holds with buyers and suppliers. Marks Spencer has ensured the business growth of suppliers. The critical element in the business development is the trust and relationship between the suppliers and Marks Spencer. (Murray, 2013) Fairness is one of the main elements in supply chain management. (Briggs, 2002) Closely working with limited suppliers pertains to helping them for meeting the business aspirations without costing a lot for other main suppliers. In supply chain management, the starting point is coordinating the business strategy of Marks Spencer with the business plans of suppliers. This provides the direction and structure for all the suppliers. Integrity forms the heart of this process. It is very important for Marks Spencer to ensure that they have dealt with all parties in equitable and fair way such that rela tions will be sustained and there will be opportunities and developments in long term. (Buxton, 2009) Supplier Strategy Many suppliers are being in contact with Marks Spencer. This relation is interdependent as the Marks Spencer organization largely depends on the supplier capabilities in meeting the customer requirements. If the organization has successfully met the customer needs, suppliers can reap the rewards and benefits. Supplier meeting enables everyone in the supply chain to provide clear structure for wide range of products in the early stages. Key issues like which products must be used, which products should be manufactured and released and other technical priorities can be identified. (Buxton, 2009) The potential problems which hinder the business should be identified and solved. Conducting the early meetings reduces the burden on crisis management. (Foster, 2013) In meetings, discussions will also be done on developing previous seasons products such that priorities can be established in coming years. The meetings focus on sales patterns, market and fashion trends, theme boards, and color palette, components involved in various products, and fit and range of products. This will hugely increase the level of understanding. Pitcher (2009) Methods to tackle the issues and maintaining relationship with retailers Functional shifts generally take place when distinct entities in the supply chain partnership vary and it will have a substantial amount of power economically over other entities. Moreover the entities that are powerful will transfer more activities and responsibilities on to a weaker entity and the weaker entities are made to look for ways to cut the distribution or manufacturing costs. So the four key factors that global companies like MS need from their suppliers are electronic data interchange, storage of raw inventory, organization of products and various packaging activities. The retail supply chain should be optimized with the help of cross-entity functions in order to maximize the profits in the entire supply chain. There is also another retailer and supplier partnership initiative namely CPFR (collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment). Crum and Palmatier (2004) claimed that focal point to reduce uncertainty must be the demand knowledge of the global retailers. This will help the suppliers and in turn reduces the bullwhip effect. There should not be differences in actual orders and demand information as this will result in suppliers fulfilling orders unnecessarily. To maintain good relations the communication between the global retailers and the suppliers should be more open with trust. (Foster, 2013) Fig 1: Strategy for improvement of SCM in retail sector. Pitcher (2009) The supplier retailer trend of collaboration can be done using the VMI method (vendor managed inventory). Davis (1999) claimed that maintain VMI facilitates cost cutting for both suppliers and retailers thereby increases customer service level. VMI is a method by which vendors hold the responsibility to determine level of retail replenishment and manage the inventory of the retailer. The retailers can meet the customer demand very easily as there will be frequent replenishment according to the demand or distribution facilities. The on shelf availability of the global companies will be increased which results in increase of sales revenue of the retailer. Fig 3: Visibility enhancement in SCM (Suppliers and retailers perspectives). Whitehead (2001) The supplier also benefit as the variability of the demand is transparent. Ultimately the suppliers can be prepared well in advance to avoid logistical issues and transportation costs. Although this method incurs risks because of sharing the sensitive data across the companies it provides good results. A company like MS can implement the VMI as they are direct buyers and direct sellers in the market which makes it easy to distinguish the data shared with various suppliers. (Briggs, 2002) 3. Analyze which supply chain solutions could be employed to answer the variety in consumer demand and associated fluctuation from its customers on the global supply network of Marks and Spencer. [25 Marks] An organization should have a clear understanding about the opportunities and potential threats of their suppliers for taking competitive advantage in the market conditions. Suppliers can be defined as the collection of organizations and individuals who act as the potential sellers of services and products. Market conditions will be influenced by many factors such as changes in the buying patterns, needs, demands and expectations of customers. MS incorporates fashion, food and core products. In an organization manufacturing of various products is determined by changes in the business trends and preference of people. So, organizations have to constantly update their products and release new products for meeting the customer demands. (Buxton, 2009) If the organizational performance is not up to the standards expected by the people, the failure probability will be very high. In Marks Spencer, designing and developing new products has turned out to be one of the toughest challenges. The organization has to identify and analyze the gaps which created failure to sustain and flourish in the tough market conditions. In order to understand and analyze the complex cycle of retail market, decision makers should have entrepreneurial flair, experience and sound judgment. The best example is the UK lingerie market which is  £1.75 billion worth. The Marks Spencer is a market leader which can be indicated by the statistical figures which show that the organization is having a market share of 40%. In order to take competitive advantage, Marks Spencer should have good relation and understanding with their buyers and suppliers. (Murray, 2013) The strategic objectives of Marks Spencer are to develop new products such that they satisfy the customer needs in terms of fit and comfort and are available on demand. The products should be specified clearly such that they can be launched to any manufacturing site and provide maximum benefits. The season strategy meeting of Marks Spencer will be a good opportunity for the suppliers in discussing about their expectations and areas of growth in business. This meeting enables the decision makers of Marks Spencer in providing realistic assessment about where the suppliers have to develop. In this stage, discussions broach many issues regarding how others should be encouraged in taking their products and how the knowledge should be spread. MS supply chain and use of technological recommendations: MS has more supply chain partners all over the world and there is an increase in the supply chain initiatives. So the company should make use of the technology to meet the demand of the customers. Using technology will help MS to cut costs and communicate better. The company can make use of the international information technology to drive its suppliers as it is a unique way of supply chain. The supply chain of MS should also make use of the RFID tags which will help them to pilot the changes in the trend of the sales. With the ability to store more data in a omni-directional way with automatic barcode detection MS can provide error-free visibility, delivery and fulfillment within its supply chain. It will also decrease the labor cost as it does not need human intervention. Hence the response to the demand of the consumer and events which are unanticipated in the supply chain of MS will be expected to be faster than ever before with all these strategies. Fig 4: Meeting customer demand and reduction of time variability (Murray, 2013) Securing growth and meeting the customer demands need truly global Customer and supplier Networks, it is clear that the future of the retail giants depend on the global customers and products that are customized. So the supply chain complexity will grow accordingly and it needs to be managed effectively. (Erog, 2002). 85% of the companies in the world are expecting the supply chain complexity to grow significantly in the next decade. Hence the locations of the customers along with product variants and SKU counts grow, then the manufacturing locations might decline drastically because of outsourcing. Thereafter it is obvious that there will be scarcity in the suppliers where MS could end up not meeting the demand of it customers. So the recommendation is to configure supply chains regionally because the regional supplier will better understand the trend before bundling the goods. They can also make the logistics look better and easy. MS decision to outsource work to the global supplie rs might help them to reduce the cost but on a long term basis the distribution centers might be a supply chain problem if it expands in a faster pace than ever before. (Buxton, 2009) The major supplier for Marks Spencer over the last 50 years is the Coutaulds textiles, one of the large scale textile organizations. Both the organizations share common values and goals. The Courtaulds textiles reap the rewards if the Marks Spencers product range is successful. The textile organization firmly believes that the Marks Spencers demand for excellence and through the organizations support the Courtaulds Textiles has turned out to be one of the prominent companies. Both the organizations ever consider that the people always look for innovation and newness in products. (Briggs, 2002) This stimulated the innovation and interest which directed the market towards scientific and technological development. Following the standards of environment and quality, Coutaulds textiles have become one of the successful textile organizations. On the side MS has earned reputation in meeting the customer demand. Pitcher (2009) 4. Evaluate the role of Quality in enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the Marks and Spencer supply chain. [25 Marks] Role of quality: Quality in the context of supply chain has many factors involved in it, so this section brings you a critical understanding of how the quality can enhance the effectiveness of MS supply chain. (Erog, 2002) 4.1 Customer focus The core principle and idea behind quality of MS is customer focus. Quality effort arises from customer needs and end with customer acceptance. In supply chain, customers are classified as sellers, manufacturers, suppliers and users. In supply chain, problems arise due to inadequate communication between members in supply chain. (Buxton, 2009) In the process of bidding, procurement specifications are equivocal and buyers dont dare to argue about them. So as discussed earlier if the communication with the suppliers and customers are of high quality it gives the best edge for MS to enhance their supply chain effectively. 4.2 Leadership Leadership determines the effectiveness in the process of quality management. Leadership should be effective improving the quality effort. In supply chain, leadership is the core enterprise because development strategy is established through it. (Erog, 2002) Core enterprise must be a leading for adequately considering the expectations and needs of members in supply chain, lead the team members and in establishing a holistic target. In parallel, core enterprise must foster more leaders in quality assessment. MS has to consider the target and expectations of the customers by making the availability of goods with high standards. 4.3 Involvement of people The prerequisite in quality management is exertion of creativity and enthusiasm in all the employees. In supply chain, work environment should be excelsior such that employees will be inspired in showing enthusiasm and come up with creative thoughts. (Whitehead, 2001) In the system of supply chain, employees should learn the skills, technologies and principles of quality. In supply chain, the ethos of self-knowledge and self-motion can be fostered. MS Quality Control teams are cross functional and by means of establishing them we can enable the employees to actively participate in supply chain. 4.4 Process management The modern quality view focuses on the process of quality management and not on the traditional quality view. In every step of supply chain, the correlative processes involved are service, selling, inventory, production, logistics and procurement which will be having their own set of independent programs and objectives. (Murray, 2013) Some conflicts exist between suppliers and retailers but the mutual effects between the processes should be identified and managed such that the supply chain operation will be harmonious. Although MS is outsourcing supplier opportunities, if it can maintain the quality standards of the local companies it will have the best ways to improve their efficiency. System management The system approach considers the quality management as holistic system in identifying and managing the sub systems. The mutual promotion and coordinated effect in sub-systems improve the efficiency and validity of targets. In supply chain, enterprise must confirm the relation of mutual dependence in the processes, break the boundaries in members of supply chain and integrate various processes in the system of supply chain. Operational efficiency is denoted by the ability in collocating the resources rationally between sub systems. (Whitehead, 2001) Finally, in the supply chain system which comprises of supply, production, inventory, transport and distribution realizes the quality and policy of target by means of optimal operational mode. This will enhance the efficiency of supply chain process at MS. (Erog, 2002) Continual improvement The focus of modern research quality will be on continual improvement. Enterprise should improve the service quality as well as product quality and reduce the costs such that customer satisfaction is ensured. As the competition is increasing, more burden has been created in the continual improvement of supply chain process. (Erog, 2002) Logistic providers, sellers and suppliers should improve their skills for achieving the harmony and establishing the quality assurance. Core enterprise must use benchmarking for continually improving the performance. Factual approach to decision making The data available should be adequate such that decision making will be effective. Many organizations are using the technologies like POS, EDI, ERP and MRP for making decisions effectively. (Buxton, 2009). Data gathered should be analyzed for decision making. Based on the data analysis, potential problems can be found in the every stage of supply chain. Decisions should be taken accordingly for improving the organizational performance. Most importantly they should speed up the process of warehouse automation upgrades (Due till 2016) because it will affect the supply chain and logistics in a huge way Mutually beneficial supplier relationships As mentioned earlier profits margin cuts and fund requests (1.5% from suppliers) mentioned in section 1 is not good for MS to maintain supply chain quality. The recommendation provided companies work directly with the suppliers of raw materials and ensure that materials are of high quality. (Murray, 2013). Many TQM organizations are working in collaboration with suppliers for increasing the product quality. Organizations are maintaining quality action teams in consulting their major suppliers. Value will be added if there is good relation between suppliers and organization. So if the above strategies are followed in the context of quality then MS can enhance their efficiency with respect to their strong supply chain. References: Alon, (1999), International Franchising Modes of Entry, in Franchising Beyond the Millennium: Learning Lessons From the Past, Society of Franchising 13th Annual Conference. Briggs, A. (2002), St. Michael Marks and Spencer PLC. in International Directory of Company Histories, A. Hast, eds., St. James press, 124-126. Business Week (2008), Marks Sparks Isnt Throwing Off Any, (November 16), 64. Buxton (2009), MS Chief Rejigs Retail Operation, Marketing Week, 22 (12), 6. Crum and Palmatier (2004), Marks and Spencer, in International Retailing, Brenda Sternquist, eds., New York: Fairchild Publications, 159-166. Dow Jones Industrial, Executive Report Marks Spencer PLC, http:mrstg1s.djnr.com/cgibin/DJIntera_binding=get_name=nullsearchText=U.MAR, (Retrieved December 26, 2012). Ethical Trading Initiative (2008) MS: Getting Supplier Buy-In (Online) Available at http://www.ethicaltrade.org/in-action/member-performance/marks-and-spencer-getting-buy-in (Accessed on 09 January 2013) Erog, S. (2002), The Internationalization Process of Franchise Systems: A Conceptual Model, International Marketing Review , 9 (5), 19-30 Foster (2013) Top 25 Third-Party Logistics Providers Extend Their Global Reach (Online) Available at http://www.supplychainbrain.com/content/sponsored-channels/kenco-logistic-services-third-party-logistics/single-article-page/article/top-25-third-party-logistics-providers-extend-their-global-reach/ (Accessed on 10 January 2013) MS (Marks Spencer) Press Releases (1999): www.marks-andspencer.co.uk/corporate/press-releases/19990518.002.html (retrieved 5/27/99).  © MS Annual Report (2008): www.marks-and-spencer.co.ukate/annualreport/Europe(Far-East or America)/main.html (retrieved 10/9/98). Market Guide (2009), Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., (June 5), 1-15. Marketing (2009), MS Doubles Ad Budget in L20m Branding Review, (March 25), 9. McIntyre, Faye S. and Sandra M. Huszagh (1995), Internationalization of Franchising Systems, Journal of International Marketing, 3 (4), 39-56. Murray M (2013) Quality In The Purchasing Process (Online) Available at http://logistics.about.com/od/qualityinthesupplychain/a/Quality-In-The-Purchasing-Process.htm (Accessed on 11 January 2013) Murray M (2013) Quality Inspections In The Supply Chain (Online) Available at http://logistics.about.com/od/strategicsupplychain/a/Quality-Inspections-In-The-Supply-Chain.htm (Accessed on 12 January 2013) Murray M (2013) Total Quality Management (TQM) (Online) Available at http://logistics.about.com/od/qualityinthesupplychain/a/TQM.htm (Accessed on 12 January 2013) Pitcher (2009), Reality Forces UK Retail Giants To Check Out Their Strategic Options, Marketing Week, (January 21), 21-24. Whitehead (2001), International Franchising Marks Spencer: A Case Study, International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 19 (2), 10-12.

The Battle :: essays research papers

The Battle   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sun was touching the tree tops as it slowly descended in the horizon. Shadows were cast on the ground. The air was still hot and humid from the midday. A bit of a breeze was beginning to blow from the east sending a slight chill through our spines. We stepped unto the grounds and surveyed our surroundings. The playing field was perfect just like we had all imagined it would be. In the far distance there was woods along with a wide shallow stream. In front there was a field scattered with shields and barricades. We divided into units and went to gather up our gear. With our equipment in hand the whistle blows and friends become foes. Our mission was to survive, be the last team standing, we were to annihilate our opponents. With the signal given the war was under way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  My teammates and I gathered together at our base. There we came up with a battle plan. We were to separate and head in different directions eventually meeting up at an undisclosed location where we would ambush the enemy’s base . After everyone was clear on the objective we split up and went out to battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I ran across the field to the nearest shield and collected my thoughts. I could hear the orders being shouted from my fellow comrades in the distance as they engaged in a brawl with the enemy, â€Å"duck, cover, fire, fire†. Soon the brawl ended with a small victory as they scattered out into the sunset. My heart was pounding in my stomach. The sounds of the earth were magnified in my ears. Then it came to me, this was a war, this was life or death. Shoot or be shot, the setting had changed. With the new thoughts in mind I held tightly onto my gun gathered all my strength and courage and charged into battle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I made my way slowly and quietly into the deep woods, like a recon soldier. My mind and senses were focused on the enemy. As I made my way down the beaten path I spotted movement in a far bush. I dropped to the ground and pushed my body flat against the cold earth. After a few seconds of silence I knew that I had not been seen. I crawled around the bush so I could see my pray. She sat there so still she blended in with the green color of the leaves.

Michael Jackson: The King of Reinvention Essay -- Music Icon Idol Jack

Michael Jackson: The King of Reinvention If you look in your copy of Webster's English Dictionary under the I's, you will find the definition for the word 'icon.' An icon is simply an 'image or representation of one who is the object of great attention or devotion; an idol' (Webster's 90). Skipping a few words down, you can find that an idol is 'an image used as an object of worship' It takes much to be worshiped. Throughout time, America's pop-culture has been filled with icons of each generation, such as Babe Ruth or Elvis Presley. These icons represent a dream hidden within each of us ' the dream, though not easily achieved, is to become extraordinarily successful, no matter the circumstances of your origin. Oddly, as if icon status is not enough, Americans seem to have given each of the few individuals who are exceptionally successful nick-names, proclaiming their superiority over the rest of us, such as Ruth's 'Sultan of Swat,' or Presley's 'King of Rock.' As far as pop music goes, there is another individual who has b een worshiped in America for many years. With supreme talent and success, like all of the others icons, this person has been given a name of superiority above the rest. This person is Michael Jackson. Michael Jackson has become the icon we know him as today by achieving two accomplishments. He fulfilled the American Dream-to become successful in spite of his humble beginning-by way of his extraordinary talent. Secondly, he has stayed fresh for so many years, increasing his pop-icon status, by constantly reinventing himself. Only through these two achievements could he have become 'The King of Pop.' Michael Jackson first came on the scene years ago. He was the seventh of eight children, born in Gary, Indiana. Just like the rest of us, he came began humbly. Though an honest, humble beginning, here is where it changes. At the fresh age of five, Michael began a career in music as lead singer in the Motown band, Jackson 5. From the very beginning, Michael took on stardom. He was the icon that America was looking at. He was the voice they listened to. Before reaching the age of ten, Michael had begun to develop a name for himself in the eyes of America?s youth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As a child, Michael Jackson was a performing musical prodigy. As front-?kid,? Michael could ?sing any song, with the passion of well trained performers? (Carrigan 1). At ... ...t the 80?s and 90?s. Michael Jackson has brought to each of us a story of our heart?s desire ? the American dream. Michael started off small, in a large family, but through great talent and constant reinvention has shaped himself into one of the greatest icons of American pop culture ? The King of Pop. Works Cited ?Biography on Michael Jackson.? All Michael Jackson. http://www.allmichaeljackson.com/biography.html. Carrigan, Michelle. J5 Influences The Jivy Jackson 5 Page. http://members.aol.com/mikeljaxn/jacksons/essay.htm. Daneault, Jacqueline. Personal Interview. 27 March 2004. "Icon." The New International Webster?s Dictionary and Thersaurus of the English Language. 3rd ed. Boston: Trident Press International. 2003 Langford, John. Telephone Interview. 25 March 2004. Lynch,Christopher. ?Ritual Transformation through Michael Jackson's Music Video.? Journal of Communication Inquiry Volume 25. 01 April 2001. 114-31. Martinec, Radan. ?Construction of Identity in Michael Jackson's Jam.? Social Semiotics. December 2000 Vol. 10, Issue 3. 313-17. Wohl, Alaxander. ?Charting the career of Michael Jackson.? Biography September 1997 Vol. 1, Issue 9 10-17.

Syllabus Notes on Rome: The Augustan Age

Syllabus Notes Rome: The Augustan Age 44BC – AD14 1Establishment of the Principate Impact of the Death of Caesar – Republic government = Senate. – Julius assassinated seen to be becoming dictator. – Wealth + position left to Octavian. – Political heirs thought to be Antony (other consul) and Lepidus (master of horses/ assistant to dictator) – Ant in charge (abolishes dictatorship) > Lep: pontifex maximus in Spain Early Career of Octavian -Speech @ nan’s funeral Education + military training from Caesar > hears of father’s death AVENGE -Pays 75 denarii w. own $ & hosts games (comet = soul of Caesar) -Puts army together & gets imperium to defeat Ant in Gaul > Decimus Brutus given triumph Second Triumvirate and Civil War -Joins Ant works & Lepidus where interests lie (triumvirate) power of dictator, against Republicans -Senate & Cicero reject demands for consulship, Oct seizes control; prepares for war (against assasins: Brutus & C assius) -Proscriptions – Cicero > escapees joined Pompieus Battle of Phillipi: Reps defeated- triumvirs divide empire -Treaty of Brudism: war risk> Ant marries Octavia> further division -Treaty of Misenum: Pirate Pompieus gets 3 area after stopping corn. Archaea proconsul. -Ant marries Cleo> end of Triumvirate Consequences and Significance of the Battle of Actium -Civil uproar @ Ant’s propaganda (Ant’s will) -Blockade (w. Agrippa) Cleo & Ant escape leave fleet behind- later commit suicide -Troops demobilized Egypt annexed to Rome> pays off campaigns, triumph + adorns Rome -Oct establishes authority in East & put in prayers and liberations -Temple of Janus closed after 200yrs: PEACE Development of the Principate: Settlements of 27 and 23 BC -Puts aside powers granted to him> looks like Senate is in control -Became Princeps (1st citizen) others held title before -1ST SETTLEMENT: Procunsular Imperium Consul â€Å"Augustus† -2ND SETTLEMENT: Procunsular maius Imperium Tribunica Potestas Titles, Honours and Images Propaganda> associates himself with victories, religion, heirs, peace -All over the empire- promote himself, looks like he does a lot for the people: prima porta -Didn’t use title a lot- makes him seem too powerful Syllabus Notes Rome: The Augustan Age 44BC – AD14 2The Augustan Principate Augustus and the Senate: Roles and Responsibilities -Augustus treated the Senate with respect (example of JC), he was fair -shared the work not power -Army, honours & ‘auctoritas’ helped Aug control Senate -Unsuitable members removed 3 times (1000 to 600) and fewer sessions -Members had to have: hereditary link or favour from Aug.Monetary qualification -Hereditary members: broad purple stripe â€Å"New Men†: narrow purple stripe -Senatorial provinces were peaceful> Imperial provinces (Aug) were ‘armed’ -Consilium principas council that advised Aug- 20 senators and family members Roles of Magistrate s and Officials -Positions held status & power- cursus honorum – leads to other opportunities -Aediles lost popularity and responsibilities: grain supply, aqueducts, fire brigade -Aug approve/reject candidates for positions due to autoritas -Consulship reduced to 6 months -New committees> used senior men more specific jobs, quality of work improved

Ebooks & libraries Essay

Ebooks are now becoming more popular in libraries as confirmed by two recent conferences: the Charleston Conference and London Online. This is because library users find it more convenient to use ebooks as compared to printed sources. John Barnes of Cengage announce to the Charleston audience that their users prefer electronic though they still sell more print than electronic reference. In line with this, he believed that libraries have to â€Å"move faster away from print reference† so as to meet the growing demand for ebooks. He also added that the cost per use of the print collection was 5 times greater than the electronic collection. The demand for e-reference books, including dictionaries, almanacs, encyclopedias, and handbooks, continued to rise since it had been included in library systems. In view of this, the presenters showed some issues that were to be addressed, particularly monitoring the usage of scholarly monographs. Peter Shephard of Project COUNTER said that the COUNTER to be installed in many libraries will be of great help in usage reporting. Currently, there are eight libraries that use the system. Ebooks experienced high use despite little promotion. Compared to printed references, ebooks can be more profitable since it can be sold directly to students and libraries. For now, ebook usage are undergoing intensive studies as to how it will work. However, since there are many different types of ebooks, researchers are having a hard time identifying usage patterns. Nevertheless, ebooks are available in libraries for use in research, reference, and more. LIST OF REFERENCES Tenopir, C. (2008). Ebooks Arrive. Library Journal, 133(2):25, January 2

Google in Asia

PIB Case Discussion Google in Asia 1. What resources and capabilities does Naver have that Google does not? – Those two companies have same purpose and function. But in detail, Google didn’t catch up Koreans mind. Google prefer simple design with fast searching system for people whose don’t have fast internet or fast internet devices. But in Korean market, almost every houses are using super fast internet with chip price. And even countryside of South Korea is able to use fast internet. If American or other nation uses naver as a main page, too many links and advertising can be effect their internet speed.And Naver has more information that fits to Korean people who wants for the information. Such as Knowledge search, blogs, and cafe things, which make people gathering and share the information and communicating. 2. Why are the top two search engine providers in Japan foreign entrants, whereas in South Korea and China, it is a domestic incumbent that dominates th e industry? -People can proud of their mother company which gives lots of information and easy to use. But in Japan, those two companies are foreign companies and settle downed already in Japanese market. That’s why even it’s not Japanese company, people doesn’t care. . Does Naver have what it takes to succeed in overseas markets, such as Japan and the United states? -Naver is not just a search engine which give information. The reason that succeeds in Korean market was other functions, which can provide interests and make people gathering all together on the websites. If Naver provide similar function web site in Japan and US market, they might be successful. But before they jump in foreign market, they must consider of the environment factors such as internet speed and supply rates of computer thing. Naver is too heavy for people who don’t have fast internet or fast internet devices.